Econobiophysics Notes: An Exploration into Systems and Principles of Nature
Summary
This study examines the possibility of an underlying commonality between economic, biological, and physical systems towards identifying principles of nature.
A tentative conclusion suggests consistency across multiple domains: Protection of vital resources (e.g. positive net energy, current or energy flows) against external intrusions, and a consistent natural order of activity
A teleological question is also posed in the concluding remarks, and the Appendix provides clarifications and definitions as an extension of the section on economics.
Framework
Table 1 below summarizes a theoretical framework of econobiophysical systems and processes.
At far left, the Process column is divided into the six sub-sections of the second column: 1. Potential energy source and capture, 2. energy transport and delivery, 3. protective behavior and self-defense, 4. conversion/transformation for growth potential, 5. structural characteristics, and 6. process dynamics.
The analysis is incomplete as the systems covered are limited; other systems and domains are still insufficiently understood as detailed further below; the study’s brevity also may be responsible for oversimplifications and oversights that can be corrected in future revisions.
The main part of the text is next and features an overview of the sub-system of each domain (Physics, Biology, Economics).
Systems Overview
The following discussion is divided into three parts corresponding to the major systems according to Table 1 above: Physical, Biological and Economic. Each section provides a brief approximation of the process involved in each. The order of the table differs from the order of the components of the term econobiophysics due to the presumed order of activity in which plasma could be viewed as a primordial state of matter from which biological and economic activity emerged. The Concluding Remarks address teleology and possible fundamental principles. The Appendix details areas that may require further clarification, definitions of terminology and examples in economics.
Physics
Qualifications. The physical system examined here concerns plasma and electrodynamics involving charged particles. Gravity, as defined by kilogram mass, may not yet fully figure in this framework; however, with new insights, gravity’s fundamental relevance may come into clearer view: For example, as a change in collision-space-time at the Planck scale where the aggregate of Planck events (collision of two indivisible particles) in a collection of matter can be detected as gravity (Haug 2022; for historical reference, re: Einstein 1905a, 1905b, Friedmann 1922, Narlikar 1977). The thermodynamics of uncharged gas molecules is seen as operating in tandem with plasma electrodynamics in a universe containing both (neutral) matter and plasma (Re: statistical mechanics; econophysics; Fix 2021), with qualifications as noted below in the section on plasma electrodynamics (re: Z-Pinch). Atmospheric science and geophysics, though not explicit in the framework, should also be acknowledged; for example, the gradient between the atmosphere and earth’s surface (re: atmospheric potential gradient; APG) and earth’s sub-surface including the impact on electro-chemistry and microbial/biological organisms (Harrison 2012; Hunting, et al., 2019).
Plasma Electrodynamics
Process. Electromagnetic energy propagates through space via clouds of ionized particles (=electrically-charged/magnetized plasma) that are ionized by various forces including photoionization, electric currents between plasma cells, or a moving ionized cloud passing through neutral, uncharged gases at sufficient velocity (re: critical ionization velocity; Alfven 1970, 1986; Scott 2012) to strip away, or add to, outer valence electrons of the atoms within uncharged gases. The relative (chaotic) motion of plasmas in the cosmos tends to produce cellular structures, each with potentially varying voltage, temperature, density and chemical properties. (Re: Maxwell 1873, Hendrik Lorentz 1899a, 1899b, Kristian Birkeland 1908, Irving Langmuir 1924, 1929, Bennett 1934, Alfven 1970, 1986, Peratt 1992, Scott 2012).
Charge separation is described by a significant difference, drop, or inequality in energy (i.e., voltage: electric potential in volts/meter) between two locations. Conduction. While plasmas are excellent though imperfect conductors generally with minor variations of voltage within plasmas, significant voltage drops can occur in the process of constant relative chaotic motion of cells of plasma driving through each other (Scott 2012: 79). This voltage difference between two locations establishes an electric field (E-Field); the greater the voltage difference, the stronger the E-field, which increases the force on each charged particle (ions, electrons) to generate a current or flow of electrically-charged particles between the two locations. Visualization tool: The location with higher energy is viewed as pointing “inward” towards the systemic gap as an inflow, and the relatively lower-energy location as “outward” as an outflow away from the systemic gap; the “gap” itself is “filled” by the current or flow (this visual tool may also be helpful in the section on economics).
A double layer (next paragraph) contains the strongest electric field of any plasma. The presence of magnetic fields also can create currents (re: Birkeland currents; Birkeland 1908). Plasmas automatically create isolating electric walls called double layers (DLs) inside themselves to form sections that capture most of the difference in electric potential/voltage. The “double” in double layer refers to the closely spaced but separated layers of positive and negative charges that make up this electrically isolated “wall” (Langmuir 1924, 1929). Note that any foreign object inserted into a plasma triggers a defensive reaction by the plasma to protect itself by isolating the foreign object from the plasma with a DL that will immediately surround the foreign object (Scott 2012: 74).
As currents develop between cells originating from different sets of plasmas with varying electric charges and other properties, the divergent cells “join” together electrically, potentially equalizing their respective voltages and contributing to overall growth of plasmas and their ability to compress and mold uncharged matter into filamentary shapes, etc. (Z-Pinch; Bennett 1934).
Biology
Process. This section focuses on biological processes of cellular organisms of complex, non-primitive* life forms. Electromagnetic energy (e.g., light, photons for photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs), and inorganic chemical compounds, organic compounds (chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs).
The organelles within the cell such as mitochondria and chloroplasts (de Col et al., 2017), produce the metabolite adenosine triphosphate (ATP; often referred to as the “energy currency of cells”); the cell membranes play a critical role in “making sense out of disorder” in biological activity (Thomas 1973: 145), performing modulating functions in, for example, the processing of light energy (e.g. photosynthesis) and the storage and release of amounts of vital energy as needed. Membrane potential describes a difference in the electric potential (electric potential difference) between two distinct environments (locations) due to the negative concentration gradient (millivolts, mV) across a “wall” (membrane barrier). This causes ions to flow “down” their gradient from a location of high to low concentration, and the ionic flow continues until reaching an equilibrium of the cell, with no net movement as the concentration gradients across the membranes equalize and the electrical charges on both sides offset one another. A feature of ion channels is voltage gating, whereby the “gates” open or close as needed for delivery of energy (re: voltage-gated ion channels) to the cell.
While the membranes represent a form of selective “walling off” to permit access for needed resources they also prevent extracellular material from entering that could cause unnecessary and potentially harmful interference* with essential internal systemic functioning. Immunological functions also should be noted as another natural defense mechanism to recognize foreign bodies/substances, as well as immunogenicity (Abbas, et al., 2021).
*Notes. 1. Special concern is warranted regarding interventions that that trigger an adverse impact on metabolic policy in cells, such as inhibition of synthesis within mitochondria and reduced production of ATP, and in particular, intrusions that are designed to evade detection. 2. On non-primitive organisms. The above discussion covers most but not all life forms: A distinction should be made between cells of micro-organisms that are eukaryotic and those that are prokaryotic (e.g., bacteria, blue-green algae, etc.), the latter lacking membrane-bound organelles.
Economics
Translating or making the “leap” to economics from the previous disciplines of biology and physics may by aided by definitions, clarifications and examples to better visualize the possible linkages. These are found in the Appendix, with further details on related topics.
An example of a business (including self-employed individuals) is used here, but the same rules can be applied to salaried individuals by modifying the language: Income/Salary instead of Revenues, Living Expenses instead of Costs, etc. For individuals, “savings” replace “profits”; when savings occur, these can be used for increasing stored supplies for a rainy day, or to invest in activities that can provide additional income.
Process. Refer to the Economics column of Table 1 above and the Appendix for further clarifications and definitions of terms. Incentives. Individuals, business owners, etc. (economic “actors”) may seek out differences between inflows and outflows of resources (including the resource pricing differences) to varying degrees, modulated by their level of incentives to identify and capture such differences. Incentives are predominantly but not necessarily economic and may not be limited to human activity for reasons detailed in the Appendix. After identification of opportunities, managerial processes of varying complexity involving production and supply of goods and/or services may be undertaken to capture this positive flow difference between the inflows and outflows, termed here net (free) cash flow. This surplus cash flow can then be used for growth and expansion of the economic actor’s income or revenue-earning potential, including through the acquisition of assets. Protection of personal property or a business activity may include fencing or walling off of property or resources (e.g. inventory, land, livestock, etc.), contracting for security services and purchasing property insurance.
If a positive cash flow can be earned on an activity, it is likely that competitors will enter the market to produce and supply similar or identical items to profit from this inflow-outflow difference. Over time, however, a certain equilibrium is expected to be reached (i.e., for an industry of highly similar businesses, or for individuals working in similar jobs) such that the incoming flows/income versus the outgoing flows/expenses tend to equalize and their difference tends to eventually approaches zero.
Concluding Remarks
Teleology. A primordial question is, if we assume that there is an underlying commonality in nature and the universe, what is its purpose? One version of the answer might be the sustained delivery of energy (resources) to locations where they are significantly lacking. Various counter-processes may disturb (but not halt) this natural activity, both in the chaotic world of cosmic plasma and in the realm of economics.
Possible Fundamental Principles. What underlying principles, including natural law, might emerge from this exploratory analysis? At the risk of improper wording, a few possible candidates are given here:
1.A principle of self-defense, driven by a natural impetus to preserve net positive energy, and protect this from external invaders or intrusions. Threats may arise from intrusive actions that impair or incapacitate proper functioning of the system concerned (e.g., In biology, interventions that trigger an adverse impact on metabolic policy in cells, such as inhibition of synthesis within mitochondria and reduced production of ATP). Special attention should also be given to such intrusions that are designed to evade detection.
2.A second principle could be described as a natural order of activity.
Assume we begin with the existence of a constant potential source of energy (e.g., photons or light energy). Separations of charge (i.e., differences in energy content across locations enables the natural flow of energy from where it is more abundant to where it is less abundant, which in turn enables its expansion through space-time, followed by an eventual equalization with an (approximately) net zero difference across the previously divergent loci. This process occurs in the order of the domains as follows: physical, biological, and economic. These processes are continuous and infinite, stemming from countless individual events from which new differences and new flows may arise, but overall contributing to energetic expansion.
APPENDIX
A video summary of this study (approximately 14 min 30) is available here (the original document may have been updated since):
Economics: Clarifications and Definitions
Production and Supply. Next in the process is some form of production of goods or provision of services (including as an employee supplying one’s labor). When purchases by others (or acquisition of one’s own production) take place, the produced items can be recorded as Revenues which constitutes supply at a given price and quantity per time unit (P xQ/ time unit). Whatever quantity is supplied (e.g., 3 fish from the upcoming example) matches the quantity demanded (P x Q/time unit). Revenues are viewed as an “inward” source into an entity (“cash in”). This dynamic can be seen with a most basic example of supply by a person who catches or fish-farms 3 fish/day; they are supplying themselves with all of their production each day (in essence “purchased” by themselves/ “sold” to themselves, with the “price” being in time (i.e., the amount of time spent fishing). This daily supply of 3 fish also equals their quantity demanded of 3 fish/day. Next, each day, the producer can choose what to do with each of the three fish: one of the fish may be eaten (consumption) for sustenance, one may be salted and stored for a rainy day (e.g., savings), one may be used for trading with someone else for another good (e.g. eggs). On the role of production in economic activity and Say’s Law, see Say (1803), Sowell (1973) or Hutt (1974).
Quantity demanded vs. demand. Demand can be a potential state that can exist with or without any produced goods/production being available to satisfy that demand (such as in a demand curve of theoretical prices and quantities). The quantity demanded as in the example above refers to the actual quantity of fish supplied by either purchase at a certain price or as in the example of an individual producer above, acquisition of one’s own production each day in exchange for one’s time producing.
Entity. For an individual, the “entity” is the individual as an economic agent or actor. Either formally or informally established by an owner/operator in the process of engaging in energy transfer to capture the difference between revenues and costs.
Revenue (Inward Flow/inflow). Incoming resources from the purchase of goods or services provided by the entity.
Cost (Outward Flow/outflow). Outgoing (cash) resources defined not only as expenses (cost of sales, S, G & A, etc.) but also in terms of capital expenditures and costs of acquisitions (i.e., to maintain competitiveness in the industry including technology acquisition).
Cash Flow Difference (inflows vs. outflows). A gap emerges from a difference between revenues and cost, where revenues exceed costs sets up a source of net profit (more precisely, net cash flow); prices and pricing of the goods and services is also integral to this assessment. The greater the revenues exceed costs, the greater the net cash flow. Revenues=costs define a breakeven state where no net transport of resources occurs. If costs exceed revenues, losses occur, which may be covered by additional capital infusions by owners or new investors, taxes and currency creation (governments), or losses can be reversed by reducing costs and/or raising revenues. Note that price distortions resulting from (political or other) interventions can also modulate the cash flow difference to encourage certain activities and discourage others (re: political management).
Physical Expression of Energy/Resources in an economic context. Ultimately physically expressed in tangible form (currency, cash); digital cash can co-exist with physical cash, but absence of tangibility poses critical risks for security and verifiability of resource ownership.
Energy Protection/Preservation from External Forces. Walling off (e.g., fencing) of property and facilities against intruders, theft and damage, maintenance, equipment upgrades, property insurance, security, personal defense, armed forces (e.g. national security).
Conversion of Energy into Potential Growth. Employing any net positive cash flow for potential business growth such as purchase of new inventory, equipment and software upgrades, the hiring of skilled personnel, business, or technology acquisitions, or to be distributed to owners of the business. Notes on Potential Growth: 1. While distributions to owners may initially be seen as “taking away” from the business growth potential, high returns to owners/investors from rising distributions can attract additional investors/investment from those seeking to obtain those higher returns, providing the company with more funds to invest in growth of the business. Similarly for borrowed capital (see note 2 next). 2. Borrowed Capital. Apart from convertible debt, debtors generally would receive interest and principal; the interest is treated as an expense and the principal is a return of the capital employed in borrowing). Assuming the company is creditworthy, the more interest (together with the principal) that the company can cover, the greater the chance of attracting lenders.
The Concept of Incentives
Incentives are predominantly but not necessarily economic. Incentives are presumed to be related to electrophysiology and neurology and are defined loosely as a form of cognitive energy that directs behavior of an organism to identify and capture resource differences (in terms of resource inflows and outflows in time, including attention to prices of those resources) that translate into generating a net inflow to the entity/economic agent (also re: arbitrage; “net” in the sense of subtracting the outflows/expenditure of effort from the income/inflow that was generated by the same economic agent). In other words, these resource inflow/outflow “gaps” give rise to economic opportunities (where income exceeds expenses or costs of the same entity/economic agent). For example, pursuing a career that pays more than living costs thereby allowing an individual to capture greater net cash flow for savings and investment; similarly, a business activity that produces for a market that pays more than the business’s costs of production has greater net cash flow to be used for business expansion. In contrast, one example of a failed business could be described as having produced something that was not sufficiently demanded (in terms of both price and quantity) by the public to cover the costs of the productive activity (i.e., negative net cash flow).
Varying Incentives. All economic agents are not necessarily endowed with the same degree of incentives; some may have no incentive to produce beyond what they consume; for others, incentives to produce enough to cover their own energy outflows may result in their production (income) being less than their own consumption, leaving a “gap” or loss to be filled, this “disconnect” was mentioned in the previous paragraph and is discussed further in the next paragraph on the role of political management. Incentive Disconnect. In contrast the net positive inflow of energy (i.e. savings or profit) scenario, a “net negative” inflow (or loss) may result from lack of incentives, filled by an external source of energy. Alternatively, this scenario can be described as relying on income (energy inflows) that are not derived from the past or present efforts/energy expenditure of the beneficiary of that income, whether a business or individual. In addition, this disconnect between income production and effort/expenditure to produce that income by the same entity is not involuntary (i.e. involuntary in the sense that the business or person is incapacitated in some way that renders them entirely incapable of producing their own income). Therefore, the business or individual may without hesitation tend to fall in a pattern of dependency.
Political Management and Substitution of Flows. Economic systems are typically managed by political means through coercive redistribution. Initially, this interventionist approach may be popular for its role as a flow substitute to “fill” gaps arising from an apparent lack of resources by forcibly extracting resources from an economic system. However, this process of redistribution causes the natural order to be reversed such that the equalizing dynamic is engineered to occur before the natural flow across the energy abundance gap can occur, which obstructs the natural flow from greater abundance to lesser abundance.* Although often overlooked, this abundance gap may have arisen from distortions originating from previous political management decisions; for further exposition on this dynamic, see Kennedy (2022a) on perpetuation of politically-managed systems.
*Note: To review, this gap is defined as separation of charges (energy, physics/biology), or physical inflows relative to outflows in a cash flow financial/economic sense.
This process of politically-managed flows is often aided by manipulation of economic incentives such as stimulating or suppressing activity via politically-generated signals, including possible psychological control and indoctrination that justifies this form of managerial intervention.
Once politically-managed flows are established they may tend to encourage and expand dependence on those extracted cash flows throughout economic systems by incentivizing individuals (in the form of social welfare, etc.) and businesses (in the form of “corporate welfare,” bail-outs or subsidies) as a substitute for the economic activities they would have needed to engage in to sustain themselves.
A few examples of artificial (politically-generated) stimulus are provided next, detailing the econobiophysical dynamics:
1. A politically-managed interest rate cut to encourage more borrowing and purchasing of goods and services with debt to temporarily boost economic activity. This artificially widens the spread (i.e. increases the cash flow profits from borrowing) between borrowing costs (interest) and the rate of return of the business (Kennedy 2020). For an exposition on natural interest rate determination in the absence of political management, see Kennedy (2022a).
2. Although not always obvious, political stimulus can extend to the judicial realm in the form of significantly reduced punishment (or non-punishment) for certain offenses (e.g., to benefit certain parties such as unscrupulous businesses, organized theft gangs*) to encourage their acquisition of resources that can be used for political campaign contributions, or to acquire votes from the beneficiaries of leniency and their families as constituents. Similar to artificially increasing profitability of borrowing, political intervention widens the spread between the cost borne by criminal actors (i.e. artificially lowered judicially by reducing or eliminating punishment) and the business return on their harmful activities which increases the cash flow profitability of these activities, encouraging more “bad” behavior.
*Note the key distinction between gangs that form as a result of (a) an economic activity in which coercion is not involved and buyers/demand exist but are made illegal by political management (e.g. alcohol during Prohibition in U.S. from 1919 to 1933; current non-prescription, non-over-the-counter drugs), and (b) those that gain from theft of property and other coercive activities.
Examples of suppression of economic activity are numerous and include penalties, sanctions, bans, price controls or other regulatory measures.
Species and Economics. Although the focus of economics is on humans and human action (Mises 1949), if the neurobiology of incentives can be applied to other species, then economics can be extended to non-human primates (Bourgeois-Gironde, et al., 2021) and even non-primates in the sense that they seek to obtain sufficient energy for their survival relative to their energy expenditure in living (i.e. “cost” of living). Even activities associated solely with human economic activity such as long-term planning (e.g. storage of food for the coming winter) and mutually beneficial trade may have reasonable counterparts in biology such as in symbiotic relationships (Cavalier-Smith 1987) as well as storage practices of mammals and the storage of energy within cellular organisms; even parasitic activity may be thought of as exhibiting incentives to survive by extraction of resources from an economic agent without mutualism or offering the producer something in exchange for the resources received (Klimov 2013). Briefly returning to the physics domain, plasmas also can be viewed as “storing” their electric fields (E-fields) within their double layers (DLs) and protecting them against intruders.
Economic vs. Financial activity: Key Distinction. Incentives can exist in an economic (i.e., founded on voluntary, mutually beneficial relationships) or in a non-economic context (involving some degree of extraction or parasitism). In the non-economic cases, the activity cannot in this view be called economic, but does remain “financial” since inflows and outflows of resources are still recordable as transactions. A business (including self-employment) has an economic and financial dimension. A business is defined as engaging in economic activity if all aspects remain voluntary, such that both producers and consumers are engaging in their respective functions and transacting voluntarily (Walker 1888:6). If there is coercion (including lack of informed consent), theft or fraud involved in any element of the activity the business can no longer be considered economic but can still be described as engaging in financial activity (but to clarify, not necessarily as a financial institution such as a bank). Using an unusual example, this logic can also be applied to the incentives of a professional thief who evaluates potential targets for resources that may become “income” to the thief while minimizing the risk of being captured or harmed (a “loss” or cost to the thief) in the process of stealing.
Note that in accounting for economic activity, the crucial concept and estimate of opportunity cost (what is lost by engaging in a particular activity) also should be considered but is not detailed here.
Concept of Economization. Economic activity is not identical to economization. Economization is thought to occur in at least two ways: Capital goods that produce time-saving results in the production of other goods; management practices that save time in production (or distribution) processes. A capital goods producer’s goods are not only transported across space to a producer of goods, but the use of the capital goods aims to reduce the amount of time to produce the other goods at the same cost in time as beforehand, freeing up time and resources for other activity.
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The author may also hold positions in securities of companies, including through ETFs, which may have been covered herein. The discussion and any visuals may contain significant errors, are subject to revisions and are provided 'as is' solely for informational purposes, not for trading or investment advice. This preliminary analysis is exploratory; no claims are made as to the validity of data, assumptions, theoretical models, and methodologies; results may be based on prior data that do not reflect the most current market or other events.
References/Resources
Notes
1.Most references on economics and political economy/management are omitted below but can be found in these References, in the author’s more recent publications (Kennedy 2020), or in Part 3 of the author’s series on complex systems linked here (http: removed) //raoulkennedy.substack.com/p/complex-systems-notes-3-later-phase
The links to Part 1 and Part 2 of the series are below in the References under Kennedy (2022).
2.Online references may exclude “https.” Some dates may vary slightly according to time zone differences. If a date is not clearly indicated in an online reference, the most recent year of access will be shown. If an author name is not made available for a page (online), either the online publication name or the name of the principal individual being covered is used. The citations or references does not imply endorsement or agreement with a source or author’s views, or that the authors cited or referenced would endorse or agree with this author. Some sources cited may be from mass-distribution publications and some studies may not be peer-reviewed; authors may be listed in references according to the order shown in the study and not alphabetically. These references are not a comprehensive listing of resources on the topics covered.
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